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<title>Defensive war</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="War" title="War">War</a></span><br><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="Outline_of_war" title="Outline of war">outline</a>)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">Ancient</a>

<ul><li><a href="Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_the_gunpowder_age" title="Timeline of the gunpowder age">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">Post-classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Castles</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a>

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">Fourth-gen warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race">AI warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense ministry">Defense ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">Reserves</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Branches:</i></li>

<li><a href="Air_force" title="Air force">Air force</a></li>

<li><a href="Marines" title="Marines">Marines</a></li>

<li><a href="Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">Coast guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_guard" title="Border guard">Border guard</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_force" title="Cyber force">Cyber force</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Specialties:</i></li>

<li><a href="Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Land units:</i></li>

<li><a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li>

<li><a href="Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Naval units:</i></li>

<li><a href="Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li>

<li><a href="Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li>

<li><a href="Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li>

<li><a href="Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Air units:</i></li>

<li><a href="Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li>

<li><a href="Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Combat systems:</i></li>

<li><a href="Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Historical:</i></li>

<li><a href="Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li>

<li><a href="Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><i>Development:</i></li>

<li><a href="Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li>

<li><a href="Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Aerospace" title="Aerospace">Aerospace</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li>

<li><a href="Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li>

<li><a href="Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li>

<li><a href="Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li>

<li><a href="Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li>

<li><a href="Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li>

<li><a href="Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a></li>

<li><a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li>

<li><a href="Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li>

<li><a href="Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li>

<li><a href="Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li>

<li><a href="Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li>

<li><a href="Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li>

<li><a href="Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li>

<li><a href="Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li>

<li><a href="Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li>

<li><a href="Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li>

<li><a href="Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li>

<li><a href="Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li>

<li><a href="Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li>

<li><a href="Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li>

<li><a href="Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li>

<li><a href="Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li>

<li><a href="Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">Stay-behind</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li>

<li><a href="Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li>

<li><a href="Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li>

<li><a href="Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li>

<li><a href="Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li>

<li><a href="Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li>

<li><a href="Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li>

<li><a href="Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li>

<li><a href="Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li>

<li><a href="Class_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li>

<li><a href="Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li>

<li><a href="Divide_and_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li>

<li><a href="Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li>

<li><a href="Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li>

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<p>A <b>defensive war</b> (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Verteidigungskrieg<sup id="cite_ref-Zahl2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zahl2010-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>) is one of the causes that justify <a href="War" title="War">war</a> by the criteria of the <a href="Just_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Just War">Just War</a> tradition. It means a war where at least one nation is mainly trying to defend itself from another, as opposed to a war where both sides are trying to invade and conquer each other.

</p><p>The right to <a href="Self-defence_in_international_law" title="Self-defence in international law">self-defence in international law</a> is enshrined in <a href="Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII</a>, Article 51 of the <a href="Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">UN Charter</a>:

</p>

<blockquote><p>Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of collective or individual self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a member of the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, until the <a href="United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by members in exercise of this right of self-defense shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.</p></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>American supporters of the war against the British argued that the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> was a defensive war, citing British harassment of American merchant shipping and <a href="Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a> of American sailors on the <a href="International_water" class="mw-redirect" title="International water">high seas</a> as well as armed support to Indian tribes resisting American expansion in the <a href="Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> in order to create a pro-British <a href="Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">Indian barrier state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bickham2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bickham2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStagg,_Madison's_War4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_Madison's_War4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div>

<p>The Islamic scholar <a href="Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (716–778), who was called by <a href="Majid_Khadduri" title="Majid Khadduri">Majid Khadduri</a> (1909–2007) a pacifist, maintained that <i><a href="Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> (holy war) was only a defensive war.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><i><a href="Battleplan" title="Battleplan">Battleplan</a></i> (documentary TV series)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSimeon_Zahl2010" class="citation book cs1">Simeon Zahl (25 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ioGw0zPbjTQC&pg=PA138"><i>Pneumatology and Theology of the Cross in the Preaching of Christoph Friedrich Blumhardt: The Holy Spirit Between Wittenberg and Azusa Street</i></a>. A&C Black. pp. 138–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-567-64591-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bickham2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bickham2012_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTroy_Bickham2012" class="citation book cs1">Troy Bickham (1 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QM755oY5k98C&pg=PT95"><i>The Weight of Vengeance: The United States, the British Empire, and the War of 1812</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-994262-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStagg,_Madison's_War4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStagg,_Madison's_War4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStagg,_Madison's_War">Stagg, Madison's War</a>, p. 4.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle_and_Golson" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney P.; Golson, J. Geoffrey, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointsact00carl_912"><i>Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turningpointsact00carl_912/page/n64">44</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781851098330</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1925" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Julius W. (1925). <i>Expansionists of 1812</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David; Heidler, Jeanne T. <i>The War of 1812</i>. p. 4.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTucker" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer. <i>The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812</i>. p. 236.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFA._Al-Dawoody2011" class="citation book cs1">A. Al-Dawoody (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bd5dAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP80"><i>The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations</i></a>. Springer. p. 80. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-230-11808-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCécile_FabreSeth_Lazar2014" class="citation book cs1">Cécile Fabre; <a href="Seth_Lazar" title="Seth Lazar">Seth Lazar</a> (20 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g8TRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>The Morality of Defensive War</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 129–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-150531-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDorset_Michael2016" class="citation book cs1">Dorset Michael (26 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW30jwEACAAJ"><i>An Essay on Defensive War, and a Constitutional Militia: With an Account of Queen Elizabeth's Arrangements for Resisting the Projected Invasion in the Year 1588: Taken from Authentic Records in the British Museum, and Other Collections</i></a>. BiblioLife. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-354-70317-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobert_GreeneJoost_Elffers2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert Greene; Joost Elffers (14 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBldXrykXI8C&pg=PT27"><i>The 33 Strategies of War</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 27–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-101-14734-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStagg,_Madison's_War" class="citation book cs1">Stagg, J. C. A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrmadisonswarpol0000stag"><i>Mr Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy and Warfare in the Early American Republic, 1783–1830</i></a>. Princeton University Press]. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0691047022</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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